Macrophages, Meta-Inflammation, and Immuno-Metabolism
نویسندگان
چکیده
Current research depicts specific modes of immunity and energy metabolism as being interrelated at the molecular, cellular, organ and organism level. Hence, whereas M2 (alternatively-activated) macrophages dominate insulin-sensitive adipose tissue in the lean, M1-skewed (classically-activated) macrophages accumulate in parallel to adiposity in the obese, and promote inflammation and insulin resistance, that is, meta-inflammation. The latest frontier of immuno-metabolism explores the coregulation of energy metabolism and immune function within hematopoietic cells. M1-skewed macrophages are sustained in edematous, hypoxic tissues by anaerobic glycolysis, whereas mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration dominates in M2 cells. We review the underlying mechanisms and the consequences of the transition from M2 to M1 predominance in adipose tissue, as well as the extracellular signals and transcription factors that control macrophage phenotypes and impose distinct metabolic modes.
منابع مشابه
Secreted hCLCA1 Is a Signaling Molecule That Activates Airway Macrophages
The CLCA gene family produces both secreted and membrane-associated proteins that modulate ion-channel function, drive mucus production and have a poorly understood pleiotropic effect on airway inflammation. The primary up-regulated human CLCA ortholog in airway inflammation is hCLCA1. Here we show that this protein can activate airway macrophages, inducing them to express cytokines and to unde...
متن کاملHuman activated macrophages and hypoxia: a comprehensive review of the literature
Macrophages accumulate in poorly vascularised and hypoxic sites including solid tumours, wounds and sites of infection and inflammation where they can be exposed to low levels of oxygen for long periods. Up to date, different studies have shown that a number of transcription factors are activated by hypoxia which in turn activate a broad array of mitogenic, pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, and pro...
متن کاملInterplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity.
Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disease, with white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation emerging as a key underlying pathology. Alongside its major role in energy storage, WAT is an important endocrine organ, producing many bioactive molecules, termed adipokines, which not only serve as regulators of systemic metabolism, but also possess immunoregulatory properties. Furthermore, WAT ...
متن کاملGlucose metabolism is linked to the inflammatory status of macrophages
Background Macrophages infiltrate adipose tissue at the onset of weight gain and directly contribute to adipose inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity [1]. The type of fuel substrate utilized by macrophages is central to the formation of obesity, a global epidemic [2]. Our goal is to understand the role of macrophage glucose metabolism in the promotion of inflammation and insulin resista...
متن کاملThe Role of Probiotics on Controlling Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review
Background and purpose: There are some evidences about the effects of probiotics on controlling different types of diabetes and reviewing these studies could be of great help in clarifying the efficacy of these dietary supplements in management of diabetes. Thus, we aimed to review the role of probiotics on glycemic control and other biochemical parameters in patients with diabetes. Materials...
متن کامل